Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation of the Eagle Manufacturing Company

A. Ted Jones has been the supply manager for the Eagle Manufacturing Company for the past two years. B. Although Ted Jones has a great team of buyers, expediters, and support staff who carry out top notch work, the morale in Ted’s department is low. i. One of the senior buyer’s in Ted’s department, Bill Wilson, submitted his resignation. Bill accepted a position at another company where he will be paid substantially more although he will be doing the same work and will be under the same amount of stress. C. The previous month’s performance data for the office shows: 743 transactions, 98 percent with delivery on or before specified dates, 87 percent of supplies and material purchases at or within 5 percent of target price, 9 percent late deliveries, and a 5 percent rejection rate of materials and supplies received. D. A purchase request for a new robot, that according to estimates would cost $5. 5 million, was submitted by the maintenance department. It was supposed to be delivered and operational in seven months and only one source of supply was able to meet the delivery date. . An experienced buyer in Ted’s department, John McCauly, was negotiating with Fenwick Electronics for the robot. Although the maintenance department proposed $5. 5 million, Fenwick proposed $7. 2 million. Because of time, Fenwick was the sole source for obtaining the robot. b. John learned that the $5. 5 million estimate on the robot was in reality not an estimate but the amount budgeted for the machine last year. E. Several members from other departments of Eagle Manufacturing Company are not satisfied with Ted and the supply management department’s work. c. The Vice President of Operations, Tim Raines, and the Vice President of Marketing, Ron Hankins, were not happy that operations had run out of parts that week. Also the quality of the incoming parts was causing major production problems. d. The president’s secretary was not satisfied with the poor quality of the janitorial services contractor. e. The head of administration, Mary Jacobs was not satisfied with the quality of the new brand of paper which was constantly jamming the machine thus reducing productivity and increasing frustration amongst the administration epartment. II. Major Problem A. One major problem is communication between the various department and an understanding of the ins and out of each department and how each function of each department can affect another department in some way. B. Another problem is the quality of the services or products purchased by the supply management department. Because the quality of the services or products were low, the quali ty of work or product are also low which can affect profit and can also affect the way another department can accomplish tasks. III. Possible Solutions/Alternatives A. Communication would greatly help this situation. For example John, who is a buyer in Ted’s department did not know the $5. 5 million estimate on the new robot was actually the amount budgeted for the robot from the previous year. If John, the maintenance department, and even the finance department had been in frequent communication with each other regarding the new robot, John would have had a basis for developing a realistic negotiating objective with the supplier of the robot, Fenwick Electronics. There really is no disadvantage to good communication within each department. B. Each department needs to understand how the activities in their department can affect other departments, company profits etc. For example supply management, manufacturing, and operations are related. New product development begins with the manufacturing department. The manufacturing department submits a materials requisition to the supply management department. If the manufacturing department does not give the supply management department sufficient time to compare costs in order to purchase wisely, the company will most likely pay higher prices for materials. C. Eagle Manufacturing Company should hire a Director of Quality Assurance if they have not done so already. The Director of Quality Assurance would be involved in the development of new products to involvement in sourcing, supplier development, and qualifying the potential supplier. The Director of Quality Assurance’s objective would be to minimize quality problems throughout the supply chain thus minimizing problems other departments may experience. Although hiring somebody to handle quality assurance would be another expense to Eagle Manufacturing Company, hiring somebody to handle quality assurance would be like an investment. This person would ensure that the quality of a potential supplier is exceptional which would then create good quality work which would then increase profits for Eagle Manufacturing Company. IV. Choice and Rationale Eagle Manufacturing should first and most importantly focus on good communication within their departments and also make sure each department understands how all departments are interconnected and affect one another. Encouraging and maintaining open communication throughout the procurement process will 1) reduce the frustrations within each department and raise company morale and 2) possibly cut costs for supplies. V. Implementation/The Action Plan Ted Jones, the supply management manager for Eagle Manufacturing, must discuss the communication problem between departments to manager of each department immediately.

Case Review Law of Tort

TRESPASS TO LAND BUKIT LENANG DEVELOPMENT SDN BHD v. TELEKOM MALAYSIA BHD & ORS [2012] 1 CLJ FACTS The plaintiff purchased a land from Oakfield Enterprises Sdn Bhd through a sale and purchase agreement dated 15 May 1996. The plaintiff was aware at that time of the presence of squatters on the land. Following the said purchase, the plaintiff commenced eviction proceedings against the squatters and succeeded in obtaining judgment where the court ordered that the squatters surrender vacant possession of the subject land to plaintiff.The plaintiff’s solicitors demanded that second defendant cease supply of electricity and remove all structures in connection with the supply by letter dated 28 April 2004. Plaintiff brings a suit due to second defendant’s refusal to comply with the demand. The defence counsel, however, argued that second defendant could not be held liable for trespass in view of its statutory obligation under the Electricity Supply Act 1990 (ESA), and the plai ntiff had failed to distinguish between the lots owned by the plaintiff and the rest of the land.ISSUES 1. Whether second defendant's failure to comply with plaintiff's demand to cease supply of electricity and remove structures in plaintiff's land can be amounted to trespass to land? 2. Whether second defendant liable for trespass to a certain extent? JUDGMENT 1. The High Court had come to a conclusion that the second defendant liable for trespass to the extent of supplying electricity to legal occupants in plaintiff's land.The illegal occupants did not have the authority to allow TNB as licensee to place any structures on the land of its cables or wires to run over the plaintiff’s lots which would be trespass. A valid and subsisting High Court order declaring the occupants’ status as squatters or trespassers had been served on second defendant and they had to comply with the plaintiff’s demand to cease supply of electricity premised on a valid and enforceable order.Second defendant as a public utility provider had failed to discontinue the trespass when due notice of illegal occupation had been given. 2. Plaintiff had vide its solicitors’ letter of 28 April 2004 put second defendant to notice that the court had determined that the occupiers on the plaintiff's land who had been supplied electricity were trespassers and the lot numbers owned by the plaintiff were supplied. The defence raised there was no evidence of any response from second to the effect that the plaintiff’s lots could not be identified from the entire piece of land.The occupants being squatters were strangers to the plaintiff whereas second defendant was in possession of records showing their identities and location of the households that had electricity supply. Hence, the issue of non-identification or demarcation of the plaintiff’s lots did not arise in this case. 3. So, second defendant were held liable for trespassing plaintiff's land by placing c ables and wires to run over plaintiff's lots and also by supplying electricity to illegal occupants in plaintiff's land.COMMENTARY I agree on behalf of High Court's decision where second defendant (Telekom Malaysia Bhd) should be liable for trespassing into plaintiff's (Bukit Lenang Development Sdn Bhd). This is because they had been informed earlier by plaintiff's solicitor to cease supply of electricity and remove all structures in connection with the supply by letter dated 28 April 2004 but they still failed to do so. They also know that the people they are supplying the electricity are illegal occupants of plaintiff's land.From a legal view, even by placing something on other's land and continue the act would be considered as trespass to land. So, second defendant had trespass plaintiff's land intentionally as they were informed earlier to comply with it. Furthermore, second defendant's action of supplying electricity to the illegal occupants is regarded as immoral by abetting a nd conspires with them to occupy plaintiff's land illegally. Therefore, in moral view, they should avoid from doing so. In conclusion, High Court's decision that second defendant liable for trespassing plaintiff's land is reasonable.PASSING OFF DANONE BISCUITS MANUFACTURING (M) SDN BHD V. HWA TAI INDUSTRIES BHD [2010] 8 MLJ 500 FACTS In early April 2001, the Plaintiff discovered that the defendant, Hwa Tai Industries Bhd, had been manufacturing and selling chocolate chip cookies bearing the trademark â€Å"Chipsplus†. The plaintiff subsequently requested that the defendant cease the manufacture and sale of cookies bearing this trademark, on the basis that the trademark, as well as get-up and packaging of the product, were confusingly similar to their registered â€Å"ChipsMore† mark.However, the defendant refused to do so, and as such, the plaintiff sued the defendant for trademark infringement and passing off. The plaintiff argued that the defendant’s â€Å"Ch ipsplus† trademark infringed upon its registered trademark, while the similar get-up and packaging of the cookies amounted to the defendant passing off its â€Å"Chipsplus† cookies as the Plaintiff’s â€Å"ChipsMore† cookies, and this affected their business, reputation and goodwill in Malaysia.The defendant however denied the plaintiff’s claims, and further contended that the â€Å"ChipsMore† registration had lapsed, and was therefore invalid. ISSUES 1. Whether Hwa Tai Industries Bhd is liable for passing off defendant's chocolate chip cookies â€Å"ChipsMore† trademark? JUDGMENT 1. It was held that the defendant’s mark â€Å"CHIPSPLUS† used on chocolate chip cookies were to bring result in confusion to the public as the mark â€Å"CHIPSPLUS† and the Plaintiff’s registered mark for â€Å"CHIPSMORE† for the same product are conceptually similar.The court found that the defendant was liable for infring ement because the plaintiff had a registration certificate and renewal certificate evidencing a valid trademark, and the Plaintiff had not given the defendant permission to use their trademark. Furthermore, as â€Å"Chipsplus† was similar to â€Å"ChipsMore†, there was a possibility of confusion or deception amongst the public. Court found in the plaintiff’s favour and allowed the plaintiff’s claim for infringement and passing off. COMMENTARYI am against the decision made by the court as the mark ‘CHIPSPLUS' used by defendant was like merely to use the word ‘CHIPSPLUS' to promote their new cookies products with extra and additional chips and it is not necessary to prove that the word ‘CHIPSPLUS' can be used by plaintiff only. Other manufacturers can have freedom to use any appropriate word as label for their products as long as it does not totally imitate other manufacturer's product label. Plaintiff maybe has the idea to promote their c hips cookies by using the ‘CHIPSPLUS' word too and not have the intention to pass off defendant's trademark.

Presentation of the Kite Runner Essay

INTRODUCTION This paper copes with the analysis of Hosseini’s Kite Runner using Marxism approach. Marxist theory mainly deals with the literary works and evaluates the works by the examining of its historical, social and economical background. Marxism evaluates the work how it is influenced by the time in which it was produced as well as social, political, economical sphere (Chowdhury, 2011). Thus, this paper will focus on: (1) The Marxist Approach To The Kite Runner; (2) The relationship among characters as a representation of the differences between social classes; (3) The relationship between Baba and Ali serve as a representation materialism versus spirituality; (4) Baba as the representation of economic power in his society in the period of time; and (5) Cultural and political hegemony as representation of situation in Afghanistan. 1.The Marxist Approach To The Kite Runner The marxist approach to literature is based on the philosophy of Karl Marx, a German philosopher and economist. His major argument was that whoever controlled the means of production in society controlled the society—whoever owned the factories â€Å"owned† the culture. This idea is called â€Å"dialectical materialism,† and Marx felt that the history of the world was leading toward a communist society. From his point of view, the means of production (i.e., the basis of power in society) would be placed in the hands of the masses, who actually operated them, not in the hands of those few who owned them. It was a perverted version of this philosophy that was at the heart of the Soviet Union. Marxism was also the rallying cry of the poor and oppressed all over the world (Kurtz). To read a work from a Marxist perspective, one must understand that Marxism asserts that literature is a reï ¬â€šection of culture, and that culture can be affected by literature (Marxists believed literature could instigate revolution). Marxism is linked to Freudian theory by its concentration on the subconscious—Freud dealt with the individual subconscious, while Marx dealt with the political subconscious. Marx believed that oppression exists in the political subconscious of a society—social pecking orders are inherent to any group of people. The four main areas of study are economic power; materialism versus spirituality; class conï ¬â€šict; art, literature, and ideologies. 2.The relationship among characters as a representation of the differences between social classes On the beginning of the novel, Hosseini briefly contrasted the high class layer from low class layer in several ways. a.From physical appearance of the characters. Baba and Ali. Baba and Ali are much different. Baba was a strong, and powerful man. â€Å"It was Rahim Khan who first referred to him as what eventually became Baba’s famous nickname, _Toophan agha_, or â€Å"Mr. Hurricane.† It was an apt enough nickname. My father was a force of nature, a towering Pashtun specimen with a thick beard, a wayward crop of curly brown hair as unruly as the man himself, hands that looked capable of uprooting a willow tree, and a black glare that would â€Å"drop the devil to his knees begging for mercy,† as Rahim Khan used to say. At parties, when all six-foot-five of him thundered into the room, attention shifted to him like sunflowers turning to the sun† (ch.3). Ali was a weak, flawed and men. â€Å"But polio had left Ali with a twisted, atrophied right leg that was sallow skin over bone with little in between except a paper-thin layer of muscle†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (ch.2), in other hand, the novel states that â€Å"Ali’s face and his wa lk frightened some of the younger children in the neighborhood. But the real trouble was with the older kids (ch.2). Amir and Hasan Physically, Amir and Hassan were different. Though Amir was older than Hassan, but Hassan was stronger than Amir. Hassan can run faster than Amir. When they were running to catch the kite one day, Amir looked very tired. â€Å"They called him â€Å"flat-nosed† because of Ali and Hassan’s characteristic Hazara Mongoloid features. â€Å"For years, that was all I knew about the Hazaras, that they were Mogul descendants, and that they looked a little like Chinese people† (ch.2) Sofia Akrami and Sanaubar Sofia Akrami, Baba’s wife (Amir’s mother) was from a rich family. â€Å"When people scoffed that Baba would never marry well–after all, he was not of royal blood–he wedded my mother, Sofia Akrami, a highly educated woman universally regarded as one of Kabul’s most respected, beautiful, and virtuous ladies. And not only did she teach classic Farsi literature at the university she was a descendant of the royal family, a fact that my father playfully rubbed in the skeptics’ faces by referring to her as â€Å"my princess† (ch.3). Sanaubar, Ali’s wife, was a beautiful woman. â€Å"†¦ a beautiful but notoriously unscrupulous woman who lived up to her dishonorable reputation. Like Ali, she was a Shi’a Muslim and an ethnic Hazara. She was also his first cousin and therefore a natural choice for a spouse. But beyond those similarities, Ali and Sanaubar had little in common, least of all their respective appearances. While Sanaubar’s brilliant green eyes and impish face had, rumor has it, tempted countless men into sin, Ali had a congenital paralysis of his lower facial muscles, a condition that rendered him unable to smile and left him perpetually grimfaced. It was an odd thing to see the stone-faced Ali happy, or sad, because only his slanted brown eyes glinted with a smile or welled with sorrow. People say that eyes are windows to the soul. Never was that more true than with Ali, who could only reveal himself through his eyes†¦. â€Å"I have heard that Sanaubar’s suggestive stride and oscillating hips sent men to reveries of infidelity† (ch.2). b.Tribe’s difference. Hosseini exposes two different tribes between Pasthuns and Hazara in some points of view. ï‚ §Oppression of Pasthuns to Hazara. Pasthuns is a high class layer while Hazara is a low class layer. This can be shown from the citations as follow: â€Å"An entire chapter dedicated to Hassan’s people! In it, I read that my people, the Pashtuns, had persecuted and oppressed the Hazaras. It said the Hazaras had tried to rise against the Pashtuns in the nineteenth century, but the Pashtuns had â€Å"quelled them with unspeakable violence.† The book said that my people had killed the Hazaras, driven them from their lands, burned their homes, and sold their women. The book said part of the reason Pashtuns had oppressed the Hazaras was that Pashtuns were Sunni Muslims, while Hazaras were Shi’a’ (ch.2). The insulting to Hazara. As it has been pointed out that Hazara was low class layer, Hazara’s people were placed as a minority and they were mostly insulted by people around them. Ali, who belongs to Hazara, was chased by children around. â€Å"They chased him on the street, and mocked him when he hobbled by. Some had taken to calling him _Babalu_, or Boogeyman† (ch.2). Hassan, who was known as Ali’s son, was very often insulted by his neighbours when he walked with Amir. Amir says that â€Å"It also said some things I did know, like that people called Hazaras _mice-eating, flat-nosed, load-carrying donkeys_. I had heard some of the kids in the neighborhood yell those names to Hassan. Amir’s teacher even said that â€Å"That’s the one thing Shi’a people do well,† he said, picking up his papers, â€Å"passing themselves as martyrs.† He wrinkled his nose when he said the word Shi’a, like it was some kind of disease (ch.2). Assef really hated Hazara people. In another occasion, when he met Amir dan Hassan, Assef strictly said to Hassan: His blue eyes flicked to Hassan. â€Å"Afghanistan is the land of Pashtuns. It always has been, always will be. We are the true Afghans, the pure Afghans, not this Flat-Nose here. His people pollute our homeland, our watan. They dirty our blood.† He made a sweeping, grandiose gesture with his hands. â€Å"Afghanistan for Pashtuns, I say. That’s my vision† (ch.5). Amir and Hassan, on one day walked around and met Assef on the way. Assef says to Amir â€Å"How can you talk to him, play with him, let him touch you?† he said, his voice dripping with disgust. Wali and Kamal nodded and grunted in agreement. Assef narrowed his eyes. Shook his head. When he spoke again, he sounded as baffled as he looked. â€Å"How can you call him your ‘friendâ₠¬â„¢?† _But he’s not my friend!_ I almost blurted. _He’s my servant!_ Had I really thought that? (ch.5). 3.The relationship between Baba and Ali serve as representation materialism versus spirituality. Materialism refers to desire for wealth and material possessions, while spiritualism refers to a philosophic doctrine, opposing materialism, that claims transcendency of the divine being (Empi, 2009). Hosseini opposites two characters between Baba and Ali. Baba is materialism as stated in the novel that Baba says that â€Å"If there’s a God out there, then I would hope he has more important things to attend to than my drinking scotch or eating pork. Now, hop down. All this talk about sin has made me thirsty again† (ch. 3). Baba also just only interested to talk about business, politics and football as the central topics on conversation with his friends in his room one day as stated that â€Å"Baba and his friends reclined on black leather chairs there after Ali had served dinner. They stuffed their pipes–except Baba always called it â€Å"fattening the pipe†Ã¢â‚¬â€œand discussed their favorite three topics: politics, business, soccer† (ch.2). When Amir told Baba about religious teaching of Islam at school that they learnt about Qur’an, Baba said to Amir that â€Å"I see you’ve confused what you’re learning in school with actual education,† he said in his thick voice (ch.3). Baba also said to Amir that â€Å"You’ll never learn anything of value from those bearded idiots† (ch.3). In contrast, Ali is a religious man who had memorized the Koran†¦. (ch.3). In addition, it is cited that â€Å"Hassan’s father, Ali, used to catch us and get mad, or as mad as someone as gentle as Ali could ever get. He would wag his finger and wave us down from the tree. He would take the mirror and tell us what his mother had told him, that the devil shone mirrors too, shone them to distract Muslims during prayer. â€Å"And he laughs while he does it,† he always added, scowling at his son† (ch.2). Furthermore, Ali and Hassan were religiously to Islamic Teaching, and he never left for praying. One day Amir got up late and found â€Å"Hassan had already washed up, prayed the morning _namaz_with Ali†(ch.4). Hassan never missed any of the five daily prayers. Even when we were out playing, he’d excuse himself, draw water from the well in the yard, wash up, and disappear into the hut (ch.4) 4.Baba as the representation of economic power in his society in the period of time. In Marxist’ theory society is divided into two classes based economical point of view. They are the upper class/bourgeoisies and the lower class/labors/proletarians (Darma, 2013). Hosseini exposes the economic power characters in the novels in several points. ï‚ §Hoseini symbolizes Baba and Ali as the bourgeoisies and proletarians. Baba was a rich man. He has the most beautiful house in Kabul, while Ali’s house is small. It is stated in the novel that â€Å"Everyone agreed that my father, my Baba, had built the most beautiful house in the Wazir Akbar Khan district, a new and affluent neighborhood in the northern part of Kabul. Some thought it was the prettiest house in all of Kabul† (ch.2). On the contrary, Ali was a poor man which worked only for Baba as a servant. His house was small and lied behind Baba’s house. The novel states that â€Å"On the south end of the garden, in the shadows of a loquat tree, was the servants’ home, a modest little mud hut where Hassan lived with his father. (ch.2) ï‚ §Baba was a successful businessman. When people around doubted him on his success, he run a business and he became a successful merchant in Kabul as stated that â€Å"Baba proved them all wrong by not only running his own business but becoming one of the richest merchants in Kabul†¦ Baba and Rahim Khan built a wildly successful carpet-exporting business, two pharmacies, and a restaurant† (ch.3). Baba also built an orphanage by his own money to show his economic power. The novel stated that â€Å"In the late 1960s, when I was five or six, Baba decided to build an orphanage. I heard the story through Rahim Khan† (ch.3) â€Å"Baba paid for the construction of the two-story orphanage, just off the main strip of Jadeh Maywand south of the Kabul River, with his own money (ch.3). Bourgeoisies way of life was identical to hedonism. It was stated in the novel that â€Å"In 1933, the year Baba was born and the year Zahir Shah began his forty-year reign of Afghanistan, two brothers, young men from a wealthy and reputable family in Kabul, got behind the wheel of their father’s Ford roadster. High on hashish and _mast_ on French wine, they struck and killed a Hazara husband and wife on the road to Paghman (ch.4). 5.Cultural and political hegemony as representation of situation in Afghanistan. According to Encarta English Dictionary (2009), hegemony is authority or control: control or dominating influence by one person or group, especially by one political group over society or one nation over others. Hosseini describes the hegemony in culture and politics was presented in several way of his work’s The Kite Runner. a.Cultural Hegemony. The Pasthuns controlled Hazara by forbidding them to come to school. Hazara’s people were identical with iliteral and servant of Pasthuns. This was represented in the novel that Hassan will do anything whatever Amir asked him. Amir was very often asked Hassan to do something impossibly. It stated in the novel that â€Å"Eat dirt if I told you to,† I said† (ch.6). In addition, most Hazara people were servants, Amir says that â€Å"I remember one kid, Ahmad, who lived across the street from us. His father was some kind of doctor, I think. †¦Every morning , I watched from my bedroom window as their Hazara servant shoveled snow from the driveway, cleared the way for the black Opel† (ch.6). Afghans were independent people. Pasthuns controlled Hazara in all aspects. b.Political hegemony. This was represented in Assef statement that â€Å"â€Å"I’ll ask the president to do what the king didn’t have the quwat to do. To rid Afghanistan of all the dirty, kasseef Hazaras† (ch.5). In addition, Assef also ever told Amir that â€Å"For a lot of Hazaras, Iran represented a sanctuary of sorts–I guess because, like Hazaras, most Iranians were Shi’a Muslims. But I remembered something my teacher had said that summer about Iranians, that they were grinning smooth talkers who patted you on the back with one hand a nd picked your pocket with the other† (ch.6). REFERENCES: Chowdhury, M. A. U. (2011). The Kite Runner in the light of Marxism. Retrieved 25 January, 2013, from http://jottify.com/works/the-kite-runner-in-the-light-of-marxism/ Darma, Budi. (2013). Handout of Literary Criticism on Marxism. Presented on the P2TK class on Program Pasca Sarjana UNESA. Empi, Varun. (2009). Materialism Vs Spiritualism. Retrieved on January 24, 2013, from http://www.slideshare.net/varun_empi/varun-materialism Hosseini, K. (2003). The Kite Runner. New York: Riverhead Books. Kuntz, K. Teaching Khaled Hosseini’s from Multiple Critical Perspectives. Retrieved on January 24, 2013 from http://www.prestwickhouse.com/PDF/SAMPLE/305052.pdf Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Answer the question given by the professor Essay

Answer the question given by the professor - Essay Example She is a major character of the short story, because she is the key element of resistance-to-change algorithm. Emily became a victim of her father’s ambitions, her noble origin and public opinion of Jefferson dwellers, which destroyed her aspiration to making family with Homer Barron. She hid in her father’s home from the large world as a snail and lived among old memories and with dead body of her beloved. 2. The first-person narrator describes an occurrence in A&P to the target audience. This is a sarcastic and inexperienced teenager, who does not pick words to describe appearance of three girls and his dreams about Queenie. For example, he pays attention to her dangling bra straps and other details, which Sammy uses to guess her surroundings. Sammy’s omniscience is limited, although he gives a detailed description of atmosphere in the supermarket using metaphors and stereotypes of the consumer-conditioned society such as â€Å"sheep† and â€Å"housesla ves†. Teenager’s superiority above his colleagues and consumers is ironical. Sammy is short of life experience, that’s why he compares Lengel with Sunday-school-superintendent. When he quitted from A&P, he was hardly thinking about the future and disappointment of his parents. His quit was not a thoughtful act and would never be estimated at its true worth by Queenie. Sammy is the major character of the story, because he describes, analyzes and indirectly participates in the plot development. He is sarcastic and self-confident and does not respect his colleagues properly. For example, he tries on Stokesie’s family life and career to himself and ignores his own disadvantageous social position. Sammy’s detailed analysis of Queenie’s suit, regal walk, imperative gestures allows to understand he is dissatisfied with his work at A&P and secretly strives for better life. Sexual power of Queenie and her friends disturbs balance among male employees of the supermarket. There is a hidden social conflict of upper- and lower-middle class, limited life opportunities and how do they impact the main character’s behavior. 3. In the centre of â€Å"A Rose for Emily† there is a conflict between highly dynamic society and the main character. Using Emily Grierson as an example William Faulkner shows how public opinion and non-acceptance of social changes by a person may alter one’s life. The story starts from Emily’s funeral and, thus, the author is allowed to judge her actions independently. Emily Grierson belonged to local gentry of Jefferson and her future seemed to be prosperous. She was properly educated and moved only in high circle. Her family lived in a big house and was rich according to local standards. At the same time, Faulkner gives few small hints of uncertainty. When the authorities came to Miss Grierson as to paying taxes, they saw that leather of leather-covered furniture cracked, everything wa s covered with thick layer of dust. â€Å"People in our town, remembering how old lady Wyatt, her great-aunt, had gone completely crazy at last, believed that the Griersons held themselves a little too high for what they really were† (Faulkner 81). In the conflict with administration of Jefferson Emily behaved dryly and formally. She had never considered herself an ordinary member of town community, but an individual. She was proud and

Cessna 421 Cockpit Modernisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cessna 421 Cockpit Modernisation - Essay Example It uses geared Continental GTSIO-520-D engines. The gearing is such that the drive shaft drives through a set of reducing gears instead of being directly connected to the propeller. The 421 series was first produced in May 1967 followed by the 421A in 1968 which was redesigned in 1970 and sold as the 421B. The 421C came into service in 1975 replacing the earlier versions 421A and the 421B. The aircraft had wet wings, the absence of wing tip fuel tanks and landing gear which was changed from straight leg to a trailing-link design which was produced from 1981 onwards. Its production came to halt in 1985 after 1901 aircrafts had been delivered. The 421C is a light passenger transport aircraft which was approved on October 28, 1975. The aircraft is powered by two Continental GTSIO-520-Ls or Continental GTSIO-520-Ns which are turbocharged, fuel injected and geared six-cylinder horizontally opposed air-cooled piston engine that produce 375hp each. Some general characteristics of this aircr aft include a crew of one or two, a capacity of six passengers, and length of 11.09, wingspan of 12.53m, wing area of 19.97m2, empty weight of 4501 lb, height of 3.49m and a maximum takeoff weight of 3379kg. It has a maximum speed of 256 knots with a cruise speed of 240 knots and a range of 2755km. the service ceiling is 9,205 m and a rate of climb of 1940 ft/min. (Cessna 421 Golden Eagle: Cessna model 421C information manual. 1979) Aim The main objective here is to upgrade the existing avionics panel of the Cessna 421C to the Garmin G600 display in order to reap the benefits of this modern design. Some of these include improved situational awareness, pilot safety and workload reduction. The other objective is to introduce modern avionics to the display panel for the venerable Eagle to make it more modern and efficient. To achieve this, we will employ the G600 together with some other retrofits to come up with a cockpit that is not only modern but also perfect in operation. Addition ally, further improvement of the passenger In Flight Entertainment System is also conducted to bring it to modern levels of service. The upgraded panel offers much more capability and comfort to the pilot. With the space so created from the reduced clutter, the interior design is refurbished. It is fitted with new light gray lather seats, writing tables, refreshment center and a belted potty. Discussion Cessna 421C Cockpit Diagrams are shown here bellow. Before retrofitting Fig 1: Cessna 421 Cockpit before upgrade Source: http://sarasotaavionics.com/panel-gallery/cessna-421/ After retrofitting Source: http://sarasotaavionics.com/panel-gallery/cessna-421/ The cockpit of the Cessna 421 in figure 1 above has several instruments cluttered across the main display panel making it rather tedious to the pilot to work. Most instruments here are mechanical and thus time consuming to read and interpret. Some of these instruments include: a Comm. Dual King KTR 905, Nav Dual King KNR 630, MFD Av idyne EX500, King KLN- 90B Approach GPS, ADF Dual King KDM-805, and Transponder Dual King KXP-755. It also includes autopilot King KFC 250 with Flight Director and yaw. Other important features are the dampener, the HIS Dual Cessna 1000 and a fuel management system. For instance, the altimeter which measures the aircrafts barometric settings, the attitude indicator, the horizontal situation indicator, the gyroscopes, all engine and emergency equipment are all mounted in the basic T fashion. It is therefore my desire to retrofit this window to a modern digital panel by using the Garmin G600 display. With this upgrade, we expect a safer, easy to operate

ICT system and blending learning strategies Essay

ICT system and blending learning strategies - Essay Example The reason for the school of thought is because the student will have more engagement with the teacher.The other model suggests minimal contact with the teacher’s involvement in the actual learning process. Blended education can be used to enhance the learning capabilities of children in a number of ways. The primary scope of the system focuses on the nature of the communication channels provided to support the children in their earlier years. The method relies on a face-to-face that is provided to the students in the learning environment with an unlimited scope for technology-facilitated communication (Bonk et al., 2012). In the recent times, ICT has proven to be a powerful learning channel in the academic institutions by providing several online learning platforms that are tailor-made to the students’ needs. E-learning can be linked to the learning model, and in the scope of the document, has a vast impact on the early school years of the learners. By combining traditional methods with current technological advancements especially in the ICT sector, there has been the evolution of both synchronous and asynchronous learning tools that provide modern training and learning progra ms with very powerful methods. The simultaneous training process via the internet is useful to learners in the early years because it provides exposure to the limited learning experiences that will help guide the student to their career path (Luwangula, 2013). The system provides a strong learning platform for e-learning and online applications in children’s learning and higher education as well. Blended learning provides the learners with a greater time flexibility, convenience, and freedom by the party engaging in the online class activities at home (Tucker, 2012). For children, this will provide an opportunity to develop cognitive abilities by making independent learning choices based on their preferences.

Policy Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Policy Paper - Assignment Example In addition, certain malware programs are meant to transfer information regarding website activities to third parties (Vacca, 2013). The security policy addresses antivirus, spyware, and adware in a medium-sized organization. If defines the handling of computer gadgets in the organization including how regularly computer software maintenance is expected to be performed, the manner in which computer updates are conducted, the type of programs to be installed and used on computers. The policy also defines the means by which prevention and removal of malware programs from computers is done (Aycock, 2011). It also denotes the types of files attachments to be blocked at the mail server, anti-virus and anti-spyware programs to be run on the server. The policy also specifies whether the use an anti-spam firewall is acceptable in order to offer additional security measures to the mail server (Aycock, 2011). It also specifies the manner in which files should be availed to the trusted sites and the examination process to determine unwanted or hostile content. A virus has the ability to replicate and distribute to other programs in the computer (Aycock, 2011). It also causes damage by using up computer memory, reformatting the hard disk and deleting files. A spyware automatically gathers information from a computer and online activities and transfers it to other interested parties. Adware is financially supported or that which offers financial support to a different program through the display of ads when a computer is connected to the internet (Aycock, 2011). This policy is applicable to all computers and servers that are connected or associated with the organization network through wireless connections, standard network connections, virtual private network connections or modem connections. The policy explicitly includes computers owned by the organization, individuals or sharing the organization’s network. The computer

Film editing process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Film editing process - Research Paper Example Video clips can be improved significantly by simply discarding unwanted or flawed bits. Another editing goal involves choosing the best footage. It is common for filmmakers to shoot far more footages than actually needed and then choose only the best material for the final cut. Often, several takes of a shot are filmed and the best one is chosen during editing.The other goal is to create a flow, since most videos are meant for a certain purpose, such as providing information or explaining a story. Thus, editing is a vital step in ensuring the video flows in a manner that achieves this goal. The part of editing that is considered most interesting is the addition of effects, music, graphics, etc. It involves improving the videos by adding extra elements. Another goal is the altering of the pace, style, or mood of the video, with a good editor having the ability to create in a video mood prompts that are subtle. Techniques such as visual effects and mood music can have a great influence on the reaction of the audience. The editor can also give the video a certain angle, which is tailoring the video in a way that it supports a certain viewpoint, serves an agenda, or imparts a message.Perhaps in order to understand film editing, it is important to look briefly into its history. Edwin S. Porter is considered the father of modern film editing. In 1903, he displayed his unprecedented ability to make a film and narrate a story from multiple shots, as opposed to just one whereby the entire story takes place in front of one stationary camera. Porter was the first to apply editing as a means of progressing the story of the film. He also defined numerous film transitions that play a major role in the theory of film editing. He was also the first to transform a found footage into a story he wished to narrate, with the story being unrelated to what the footage was initially intended to portray. This means he actually saw film editing as a form of art capable of narrating stor ies independently (Weynand 2005). Aims and objectives This essay undertakes a collaborative research in order to develop a framework for analyzing the film editing process together with all the related approaches, theories, and techniques. The essay will address the following aims and objectives: To provide a technical investigation covering the theory of film

Behavioural effects of alcoholism in young people Essay

Behavioural effects of alcoholism in young people - Essay Example ion of alcoholism on modern medicine, alcoholism can be triggered by the intake of alcohol and the resulting ailment can be affected by different factors such as the quantity of the alcohol taken, the frequency of alcohol consumption, the capacity or tolerance in terms of intake. These factors differ for each person. In addition, although the biological mechanism underpinning alcoholism are uncertain, some suggested risk factors include social environment, stress, emotional health, genetic predisposition, age and gender (Goodwin, 2000). The objectives of the study then is to present background information on the problem of alcoholism by presenting the composition and history of the beverage, the main causes of alcoholism and ultimately the effects of alcoholism to young members of the population. There are different perspectives involved in the issue of alcoholism. One is the chemical composition of the alcohol, although it cannot be considered the main reason for having alcoholism since the ailment is mainly based on behaviour of the person. Although this is the case it is important to determine the composition of the alcoholic beverages. The development of alcoholic beverages in different parts of the world such as the ancient era represented by Babylon in 2,700 BC, China in 7000 BC, India between 3000 and 2000 BC, and Greece in 1700 BC and the modern era represented by the Pre-Columbian America and Early Modern Europe. After the continuous significant influence of alcoholic beverages in the social and cultural aspect, incidence of alcoholism increased (InterAlcohol.co.uk, 2010c). One of the points that are needed to be considered is the alcohol and its cultural and historical role in the English region specifically. Through the history of Britain and other European countries, the role of alcoholic beverages is recognized. In the 18th century, England was renowned for having the ‘Gin and Debauchery’ which is a mayor producer of alcoholic beverages.

Palestine and Peace Essay Example for Free

Palestine and Peace Essay The peace situation in the Middle East has been very contentious. Palestine, particularly, has been very violent. The nation of Israel has been in constant fight over the Palestinian territory. Up to a certain degree, even civilians have been affected; through the wars and the conflicts going on in different areas in Israel and the Palestinian region. Although Israel found itself against most of the Arab nations in the world, it was able to survive the difficulties of the region through the help of its allies, particularly, the United States of America (Dershowitz, 2004). Ironically, through the involvement of the US with the affairs of Israel in the Middle East, it earned the ire of a number of Arab countries (Wasserstein, 2003). Israel and Palestine: A Profile of a Conflict The US has been involved extensively in several efforts in brokering peace between the nation of Israel and Palestine. In some ways, it has been successful but in others, the US needed to provide military support to Israel to help it with its situation. There has been several contentions though in trying to understand the relationship of the United States and Israel. As former president of the United States, Jimmy Carter (2006) was also involved in the relationship of his country with Israel. He has written a monumental book Palestine Peace No Apartheid, which has been considered as a bookseller all over the world. Carter’s primary reason for writing the book is the presentation of facts and events regarding the peace situation in the Middle East, particularly in Israel and Palestine. In doing so, his intention is to revive the peace talks that have stopped for more than six years when he wrote the book in 2006. He also wishes to deal with the two major obstacles to a long-term peace in the Palestine region. One is the way in which Israel took control of the land and continues to persecute the Palestinians residing in the area. On the other hand, Palestine also promotes and indirectly honors the suicide bombers sowing discord and violence even among civilians in the area. These two main beliefs that the opposite side holds continue to aggravate the situation and prevent them from achieving a suitable compromise for the sake of peace in the region. Carter presented the situation of Israel and Palestine through a chronological presentation of his presidency as it unfolded. His approach also went beyond that of his presidency. He also outlined the legacy of the past US president that he succeeded. With such an approach, he set the state of events when he entered the political arena that the United States was in. After outlining his own presidency, he also traced the peace-making activities engaged into by the administration of those who succeeded him such as George Bush, Bill Clinton, and the current administration of George W. Bush. He presented his understanding of the facts in the seventeen chapters of his book (Carter, 2006, p. 37). He also explored several themes and political issues in the relationship of Israel and Palestine and the important issues that tend to undermine the peace process in the region. In addition, he also explores the role of the United States in the process. Jimmy Carter also called for the cessation of violence and terrorism on the part of both Israel and Palestine. The civilian death toll has reached horrifying heights even though they are supposed to be part of the armed combat that the two sides of the conflict are engaged in. Carter also claimed that Israel has occupied Palestine although there have already been a lot of people residing in the area. The state of Israel has seized different areas of significance and has affected the civilian population of both sides. This has gone on for more almost forty years by the time that Carter wrote the book. In addition to this, there are artificial divisions imposed upon the Israelis and Palestinians. Inclined towards the Side of Palestine Carter’s point of view, however, tends to be inclined to the cause of the Palestinians. He cites the different oppression that Palestinians are undergoing, which includes being prohibited from the places of worship and the difficulties of Arabs to pass through the borders of Israel. More than that, the West Bank houses a wall that separates Israelis and Palestinians. A number of conflicts have arisen along this wall and thousands of civilians have lost their lives due to violence occurring near this wall. In addition to West Bank, Israeli forces have also taken over Gaza and deprived the Palestinians the use of their own land according to Carter. Although there have been important strides made in the realm of promoting democracy in Palestine, Israel and the United States have declared economic restrictions against Palestine because of the victory of Hamas in the past elections. Because of this, the people of Palestine are experiencing shortage of their needs in every area of life. More than that, they also do not have access to the territories of Palestine that Israel has already occupied. According to Carter, the efforts of Mahmoud Abbas, who is the leader of the Palestinian Liberation Organization, to talk with Israel to negotiate peace have been rebuffed. As such, the violence and conflict continues to this day. Carter’s analysis of events point out to the shortcomings of Israel to follow up on its commitments to uphold its end of the bargain. What is needed is a firm commitment on the part of Israel to give back the territories of Palestine that it has occupied. All of the international and regional peace accords arrived at by the UN Resolutions, the Camp David Accords, which was negotiated in 1978, the Agreement in Oslo in 1993, and the different policies of US regarding peace in the Middle East are all based around the premise that Israel should give lands back to the Palestinians. Carter also pointed out the necessity for Palestine to recognize the legal stay of Israel within the borders of Palestine. This assertion of Carter, however, is highly controversial one as it proposes a very dramatic resolution to the conflict between Israel and Palestine. Jimmy Carter and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict The proposals made by Jimmy Carter in his book are bold and courageous. In a way, his book is also reminiscent of his own term as US President in which he was able to broker a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt. This was instrumental in bringing a measure of peace to the Middle East region. After leaving the presidency, he has remained aware of the developments of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the Middle East. He has even made trips to Palestine in order to grace some events and conduct talks and research in the region. Everyone longs for peace in the Middle East. The wars fought in the region have been very frequent. As such, the lives of people are constantly disrupted because of the escalation and eruption of violence. Carter sees the peace process in the Middle East as one which gives dignity to Palestine and justice in regards to its claims over the lands that it occupies and those that are now being occupied by Israel. In his conclusion, the author outlined a three-step approach to end the violence and conflict in the area. The first one is that Israel’s security should not be undermined in any way. In addition to that, the legal boundaries of Israel should be established. But before that can be done, the major internal debates occurring in different segments in Israel should be resolved. Lastly, the borders of any nation, whether they be in the Middle East or elsewhere should be respected and upheld. As a consequence, this means that Israel might have to retreat and surrender back the lands that it has claimed in the past years. Conclusion Jimmy Carter’s book is a courageous book and attempts to present the facts to the Americans, who tend to have conflicting viewpoints regarding the situation in the Middle East. His use of the term â€Å"Apartheid† in the subtitle of the book, however, appears to be uncalled for and conjures images of violence based on the discrimination of race in societies such as South Africa. The use of this term seems to be inappropriate for his subject matter. In a society that is quite afraid to truly deal with the situation, Carter’s voice jolts people in their seats and calls on the importance of working for peace in the Middle East, particularly, for Israel and Palestine. This is a scathing rebuke of the lack of peace talks spearheaded by the current administration of the United States. In addition to this, Jimmy Carter appears to cast his administration in a positive light in regards to the topic of peace-making in the Middle East and berates the present administration for its lack of efforts in resolving the conflict in the region. The conflict between Israel and Palestine has been going on for several decades now. There are a number of competing views and perspectives regarding the involvement of the United States in this conflict. Yet, Carter’s voice is another voice shouting for the necessity of working for peace. He even suggests several paths that can be followed. However, it remains to be seen whether his approach works or whether he is only adding to the cacophony of confusing sounds. Reference Carter, J. (2006). Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid. New York: Simon and Schuster Dershowitz, A. (2004). The Case for Israel. New York: John Wiley Sons. Wasserstein, B. (2003). Israelis and Palestinians. Yale University Press.

The Case Of Colombia Politics Essay

The Case Of Colombia Politics Essay No society is immune to corruption, however, it is obvious that the developing world has been prone to suffer more than developed countries; corruption is a problem that many governments as well as citizens from different communities in the third world prefer to ignore. This essay attempts to present the reader the most prominent forms of corruption in the developing world specifically the case of Colombia in a comparative perspective with Latin American, Asian and African countries where corruption is one of the main problems that have affected these parts of the world. This essay includes three sections; the first one presents the relevant literature review; definition of important concepts, types of corruption, and approaches of corruption in developing countries. The second section refers in detail to the case of Colombia and its most prominent forms of corruption. The third section covers the analysis of the Colombian case in a comparative perspective with some Latin American, Asian and African countries and portraits relevant ideas as conclusions. LITERATURE REVIEW Corruption in the last few years has become a contested concept due to the considerable overlap between various components and wide connotations to agree on a single definition; additionally, different perceptions and understanding of situations and behaviours have influenced the concept of corruption. The understanding of corruption among nations guarantees that no definition of corruption will be equally accepted in every nation. Therefore, this essay agrees with the definition of corruption presented by Transparency International (TI) because it is an international organization that reaches most of the countries in the world and maintains an unbiased performance. (TI) defines corruption as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain  [1]  . In order to understand the implications of corruption, it is necessary to bear in mind the different types of corruption that have been considered by some authors. Each type of corruption has different origins and characteristics and therefore, they require diverse strategies to tackle it and different degrees of severity to punish it. Corrupt behaviour was coded in terms of black, grey and white (Gardiner: 2009) Black Corruption: indicates that certain actions in a majority consensus of elites and mass opinion would condemn and would want to see punished as a matter of principle. Grey Corruption: indicates that some elements, usually elites may want to see the action punished, others not. And the majority may well be ambivalent. White Corruption: signifies that the majority of both elite and mass opinion probably would not support an attempt to punish a form of corruption that they regarded as tolerable which implies less attachment to the values. (Gardiner: 2009) The critical emphasis of this essay is on developing countries and corrupt activities in the political sphere at the public and private level. It is clear that there exist different forms of political corruption with a range of characteristics, which need to be mapped. Alatas in 1990 distinguished between transactive and extortive corruption. The former refers to a mutual arrangement concerning a donor and a recipient to the mutual advantage of both parties, whereas the latter entails a sort of pressure, usually to avoid the harm being imposed on the donor or those close to him/her. It is possible to consider other categories which could contribute to a typology of political corruption: differences could be drawn between high and low level (grand corruption versus petty); the first one involves a substantial amount of money, it involves political decision-makers, the laws and regulations are abused by the rulers, ignored, or tailored to fit interests. Whereas the latter refers to the bending of rules in favour of friends, its the everyday corruption in connection with the implementation of existing laws, rules and regulations at the street level with minor public administration officials and services. (Heidenheimer: 2002, p. 150) In most developing countries, corruption has been widespread and has become part of everyday life; most societies are aware of it and some even make it look like part of their culture. Developing countries are more likely to experience à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²State Captureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ² and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²Kleptoraticà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ² corruption. State Capture represents a form of corruption Introduced by Hellman and Kaufmann and used by the World Bank in 2000  [2]   The World Bank report refers to State Capture as the actions of individuals, groups or firms in both in the public and private sectors. This is done to influence the formation of laws, regulations and other government policies to their own advantage by illicit and non-transparent provision of private benefits to public officials. Alternatively, the state can be captured to serve the private interest of a political leader who shapes the framework of reforms to ensure his private control over key resources State capture refers to the capacity of private interest groups to exert influence in high spheres of public decision making through corrupt practices (World Bank report: 2002).  [3]  . On the other side, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²Kleptocratic corruptionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ² refers to the actions of people within the government who use their power to exploit natural resources and wealth for personal enrichment by establishing policies that favour personal interests  [4]  , its very common in authoritarian governments specially in African countries characterized by the lacked of accountability and unqualified public officials. Kleptocratic corruption is characterized by nepotism, favouritism, cronyism, reflecting problems in the public services; where citizens may go to prison or be executed for treason. In some nations citizens do not even try to hold elections which allow leaders to remain in power for ever. (Case of the Philippines)  [5]  . Some of these characteristics are shared by some Caribbean, Asian and African countries. This will be presented and discussed later on. Many scholars have studied corruption through different approaches in order to understand how corruption affects the performance of a country; the first approach to consider is the Modernization Thesis established by Samuel Huntington. He stated that Corruption may be more prevalent in some cultures than others and seem to be more intense during the period of modernization and reflect their differences in political modernization and political development (Huntington: 2009, Ch. 15 pp. 253) The Modernization Thesis proposed by Huntington suggests that modernization involves a change in the basic values of a society; he refers to certain behaviours that were legitimate but became intolerable and corrupt when viewed through modern eyes, consequently, the fact that levels of education provide citizens with a more critical view of situations to demand an accountable and efficient government, however it contributes to corruption by generating new sources of wealth and power where new laws multiply opportunities for corruption and hence increase the capacity for violence. To comprehend the cultural approach this essay first understand culture as The deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, hierarchies, religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving (Samovar Porter, 2003, p. 8) Abdiweli, M and Said Isse, H. (2003) identified the determinants of corruption by examining on factors related to corruption such as such as education, political regimes, the type of the state, ethnicity, judicial efficiency, political freedom, and the size of government to explain the differences across countries and how those actions considered corruption in the west are considered traditional gift giving in developing countries. Sandholz and Taagepara: 2004, referred to the cultural approach to corruption as: The most significant obstacle to democratization and economic development. Structural and cultural factors lead to higher levels of corruption, low levels of competition and increase the incentives for corrupt practices among bureaucrats or among those being regulated. Cultural patterns tendency to reproduce themselves through socialization entails a general expectation of continuity, culture changes but it tends to change slowly even when substantial changes occur (Sandholz and Taagepara 200,4 pp.109-111) THE CASE OF COLOMBIA This section outlines the case of corruption in Colombia as a developing country, where corruption has left political, social and economic effects; corruption has contributed to political instability, undermined governmental institutions, increase the lack of trust and the perception that corruption is normal. Despite its effort to fight corruption the Corruption perception index (CPI) seems to get worst.  [6]   In Colombia a clear example of petty corruption are the traffic violations where drivers may bribe a police officer to avoid a fine or get the car impounded; since traffic violations are extremely expensive, paying a bribe sounds more reasonable. Most of Colombian drivers have developed persuasive skills to approach a police officer finding a way to relate or build any personal connection such as economic difficulties or family problems. Sometimes the police officer will understand and will give in a ticket with a lower infraction without making personal profit. Sometimes, they will accept the bribe, give a verbal warning and just let the driver go; it basically depends on how the driver approaches the police officer. In terms of Grand Corruption, the problem of Colombia can be expressed in one world: Politiquerà ­a- bad politics, where it is hard to tell if corruption is the cause or the consequence of bad politics. A significant factor that determines corruption, is the illegitimate actors Guerrillas, paramilitary groups and drug dealers; they control large amounts of drug money, induce violence as a way to regulate the illegal and legal sector and resort to kidnappings for funding; they are influential in some parts of the country called red zone or conflict zone. There, Government has less control or there is absence of authority allowing these groups to reach several levels of public organizations. (Misas 2005: 120-122). In Colombia scandals of all kinds and cases of Grand Corruption And State Capture are characterized by the flaws in the political system, the non-existence of political parties as independent actors, the Internal division within political parties and the opposition at the inner and outer level enhancing contradictory performances responding to political rivalry or lack of competence; political parties use opposition to exert tension and pressure and bring to light the scandals. In this dynamic mass media plays a big role, in Colombia some cases of corruption are interconnected as a network of corruption; corruption becomes a scandal when it is impossible to hide or when it is convenient to bring it to light. The illegitimate impact of private interests on political decisions is another major problem in Colombia. Political parties system and campaign financing create some sort of liability of the politician towards the donor. In Colombia, is common to see that candidates pay back the favour after being elected. Positions within the government and the local level are given out due to personal relations rather than through academic careers and competition. (Lambsdorff, 2006) This is illustrated by the typical pattern of Grand Corruption, referred to as trià ¡ngulo de hierro (iron triangle) figure 3 The structure of a corrupt relationship is pictured as a triangle where each corner represents an actor and the sides the relationship between them. (Misas: 2005) Figure 3: iron triangle MAKES A CAMPAIGN DONATION HELPS GETTING A POSTION IN PUBLIC ADMINISRATION HELPS WINNING A PUBLIC CONTRACT In most of the countries in South America; cronyism, nepotism, conflict of interests, abuse of power, embezzlement and extortion to name a few are part of the main problems of public life and can be observed at all levels, from the local up to the National level. In Colombia there are rules and regulations properly designed but not correctly applied, the fundamental problem causing high levels of corruption in Colombia appears to be the failure to apply the existing rules. Therefore, a cultural pattern such as the consideration of sayings in daily life activities implies a rather flexible interpretation of rules. Hecha la ley, hecha la trampa (every law made, there is also made the loophole) (Lambsdorff, 2006) P.25. In addition to cultural patterns, Colombia is a developing country with a low GDP  [7]  where social inequality, great income differences between strata, poverty and exclusion predominate and lead to violence. It is not a secret that Guerrilla and Paramilitary groups control highways charging truck drivers a toll to use the road having the truck burnt or taken away. They also kidnap journalists, politicians, government officials and military men for extortion or to cause pressure in the government. (Lambsdorff, 2006) Although Colombians are aware that corruption exists, its not accepted. However, people instead use sarcasm or irony to refer to this issue influenced by cultural features such as morality, values and ethics. The cases of corruption in Colombia are innumerable and it is hard to tell if one is worst that the other first because some are related or connected and second because all of them have affected the country economically, socially and also in the way Colombia is perceived at the international level, affecting relations with other countries and levels of trust towards those in power who are supposed to look after the citizens rights. Examples that illustrate corruption in Colombia  [8]   8000 process  [9]  (embezzlement, illegal funding for political campaign) This is the name given to the process against the ex-president Ernesto Samper accused of receiving money from drug dealers Cali cartel for his presidential campaign. Despite the proofs, he denied it. Moreover, Fernando Botero Zea as the campaign director offered his bank account in New York to receive the donations from different business man to avoid taxes and exceed the amount of money permitted to develop the campaign. Botero seized control of US$413.898 to buy a country house and cover personal expenses. Botero moved to Mexico where he is originally from to avoid extradition and has not gone back to pay his time in prison which affected the relations and image with neighbouring countries. DMG  [10]  (campaign funding with money laundering- illicit enrichment) DMG is the acronym for the millionaire company of David Murcia Guzman which worked under the pyramid scheme for cocaine money laundering. DMG was also funding the referendum for the third consecutive presidential term of Alvaro Uribe as well as for the candidate in Panama  [11]  . This company worked across some Latin American countries (Panama, Venezuela and Ecuador) where not only politicians but also thousands of citizens invested their savings expecting high profits, in some parts of the countries people relied and depended on this profit as a regular income. Murcia accepted the charges and was extradited to the US. Para-politics  [12]   Para-politics is the term used to refer to the political scandals since 2006 that show connections between more than 200 politicians and government officials with the paramilitary group Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC) which has direct implications with drug dealing and has used intimidation, extortion, slaughter, genocide, displacement and kidnapping towards public citizens to help politicians and public officers to reach positions in the government and then manipulate decisions and funds. Recordings, videos and intercepted calls are some of the proofs that involve government bodies and important national entities. Carousel contraction (Conflict of interest, Clientelism, Cronyism, Abuse of power, State Capture) This is the name given to one of the biggest scandals of political corruption that left obvious scars in the city, indignation and huge economic lost. Carousel contraction involves a group of recognized business men Los Nule  [13]  who won the grant for the biggest project in building an important highway in the country and several other contracts for the transportation system in the city of Bogota using retainers as bribes. Other people involved and found guilty are The ex-mayor of Bogota, (Samuel Moreno  [14]  ) who was suspended from office and is under police custody, some of Morenos relatives as his brother (Ivan Moreno) and several friends, government bodies, public officers and more than 30 companies who were sub-contracted to carry out they project. Health system embezzlement  [15]   A scandal in the Colombian health system involved five health insurance companies acronym for (EPS) associated with millionaire embezzlement. These EPS were audited and intervened with a police raid due to the irregularities in the provision of medications and misuse of funds. This has resulted in huge number of cases of double billing, seeking reimbursement for medications EPS are supposed to provide to patients. Public officers, EPS board members and the minister of social protection are some of the people involved in the scandal. These are just some of the examples that can provide a wide picture of what Grand corruption/ State Capture look like in Colombia; in the following section a comparative perspective is presented to illustrate corruption across developing countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa. This section refers to corruption in developing countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa in a comparative perspective with the case of Colombia. LATIN AMERICA Corruption in Latin America specifically in the case of Ecuador is a structural problem that goes beyond political parties or businessman funding campaigns; it has become an issue deep-rooted to cultural features. Low levels of education, weak Social Capital, and low levels of participation in elections are characteristics shared with Colombia. The most common forms of corruption in Ecuador are bribes, nepotism and cronyism used to speed up processes or get contracts. As an example, In June 2009 the media reported that companies associated with businessman Fabricio Correa (the presidents brother), had signed large public-sector contracts during the Correa administration. Another example is the contraction of unqualified unnecessary or inexistent public employees in the national congress known as Piponazgo  [16]  . According to CPI 2012 edition by (TI) the most corrupt country in Latin America is Venezuela; some causes of corruption are the lack of effective strategies to fight corruption and poor freedom of the press. In Venezuela more than 30 radio stations, TV channel and newspapers have been harassed and threaten by the government which creates opportunities for corruption. This situation is slightly different in Colombia where although its one of the most insecure countries for journalists; the aggressions are not provoked by the government but related to the armed conflict: (guerrilla, drug traffickers and paramilitary). Additionally, Venezuela shares two characteristics of corruption with African countries: mismanagement of oil resources, authoritarian government seeking influence through oil diplomacy and control of oil funds by the Government which has caused several scandals  [17]  . Another country that has suffered from similar types of corruption is Mexico, (kickbacks and bribery  [18]  from wealthy businessman, kidnappings of civilians and drug trafficking by the Cartels of Mexico  [19]  ). However, the comparative study carried out by (De la Torre L., 2000) showed that although the Police system in Colombia is not necessarily uncorrupted is one of the most efficient in Latin America. Colombia has implemented long term strategies, there is a better recruitment process, salaries, training and drug- related corruption remains confined to individual or smaller groups of policeman  [20]  . Figure 4: data taken from Transparency International web site CPI results 2012  [21]   ASIA In 2012 India ranked 94th out of 176 countries in TI with a CPI of 3.6 tied with Colombia and Greece. Apart from sharing the ranking position in the CPI score, India and Colombia share bribery, kickbacks and nepotism as some forms of corruption although at different levels of impact in the society. Transparency International India developed a Corruption Study in 2005  [22]  showing that the problem of corruption in India lies at the public service level (health care system, electricity, water supply and black money) affecting citizens daily needs. As a result, corruption in India is due to the Excessive regulations, poor implementation/ monitoring of laws, lack of punishment and highly strong cultural patterns create opportunity for corruption. (Vito Tanzi: 1998). While the perception, cases of corruption and impact in the population regarding public services (water supply, electricity and taxes black money  [23]  are higher in India, in Colombia Organized Crime and drug trafficking plays the main role dominating almost 50% of the country. Another Asian country which has been prone to suffer from widespread corruption and poor CPI score is Bangladesh; the most common forms of corruption are bribes, abuse of authority, nepotism, favouritism, fraud and patronage. Likewise Colombia many cases of corruption are intertwined with their consequences at the national or local level. In Bangladesh payoff include luxury gifts, overseas travel hotels, restaurant bills and personal liabilities while in Colombia payoff are mostly in the form of money or jobs. However in terms of political corruption both countries share the same characteristic Using position while in power to grant undue favour and benefit to ones relatives, friends and key supporters is a hallmark of politics. (Khan, 1997). Nonetheless, in terms of administrative corruption, in Bangladesh civil officers involved in corrupt practices in most cases do not lose their jobs. Very rarely they are dismissed from service on charges pertaining to corruption. Still more rarely they are sent to prison for misusing public funds (Khan, 1997), this is considerably different in Colombia where if found guilty most likely, they will go to prison although the sentence may not be significant; Corruption is all-pervasive in Bangladesh, is a part of the politico-administrative heritage, not only citizens have accepted it as a part of their daily life but also they feel themselves powerless to address the phenomenon at any level (Lewis, 1996). AFRICA Corruption in the developing world has been harmful for economic growth specially for transition or emerging economies and poor countries in Africa; where the influence of decolonization, type of economy (based on natural resources as a source of rent), low levels of education and types of governments (regimes or dictatorships) are directly related to levels of corruption. Africa is a continent where Kleptocracy dominates and leads to grand Corruption; an example of this is the rule of Mobutu in the Democratic Republic of Congo (1965-1997). Characterized by the misuse of foreign aid and rent from natural resources leading to worse governance, embezzlement and illegal enrichment. In the case of Nigeria, 2007 elections candidates were more likely to buy votes because is more reliable and less difficult.  [24]  In Nigeria, the misadministration of oil and natural gas resources from Kleptocratic governments, nepotism and graft are the most common forms of corruption. Another case worth looking at is Kenya which demonstrates how corruption can turn a stable country into political crisis. Corruption comes in the form of a little something to speed up processes or to ignore infractions; and Tribalism loyalty first to families then clan and then tribes. Kenya likewise Colombia has suffered from scandals within the government Goldenberg case  [25]  where the Kenyan government of Daniel Arap was found to have subsidised exports of gold beyond standard arrangements by paying the company Goldenberg International 35% more. Despite the fact that Colombia is an older democracy and the GDP less affected by corruption in Latin America than in African countries  [26]  ; clientelism, graft, bribery misuse of funds at the national level and embezzlement are shared forms of corruption; however, corruption in Colombia is highly generated by drugs traffic while in Africa is due to misuse of natural resources and abuse of power. CONCLUSION This paper has given an account of the most prominent forms of corruption in the developing world with deep focus on Colombia in a comparative perspective with other Latin American, Asian and African countries. In this paper, becomes evident and implicit that regardless the geographical position of a country, the developing countries studied in this essay share mostly the same types of corruption. Instead some variations in terms of forms and levels of perception of corruption may appear depending on type of government, levels of education, poverty and whether it is an emerging or established democracy. At the same time history plays an important role in places of Africa and Colombia where in order to understand the reasons and causes behind levels of corruption it is not only important to recognize the political, social, economic and cultural conditions of these countries but also to understand the impact of these situation on the levels of corruption, this will enhance comprehension of the strategies implemented or reasons for not implementing as well as for punishing or not corruption. From this essay can conclude that; Even though forms and types of corruption are shared across countries the political, social, economic and cultural patterns should be considered individually to fight corruption where political will and anticorruption programs work in reality effectively. In Latin American countries like Colombia where the drug war fosters corruption and increases private gain (money) at public expense (violence) while in Africa and Asia corruption affects foreign direct investment.

Nanocrystal (Nanoparticles) Drug Delivery in Oncology

Nanocrystal (Nanoparticles) Drug Delivery in Oncology Introduction The aim of this literature review is to expand the boundaries of our knowledge by exploring some relevant literature related to the role of nano-particle in cancer treatment and toxicology. In this paper, the author will discuss the importance of nanocrystals in treating and managing cancers. For this, the author will refer to three different scholarly articles. Heidel Davis, (2011) accentuated that the treatment of cancer is complicated by the exact nature of the cancer cells, the tissue they originate from, and the tissue or tissues they hibernate and colonize in [1]. Many cancers, such as those affecting the colon or liver, remain tucked away in the darker recesses of the body, where they are challenging to detect and even more challenging to treat. Other cancers, such as melanoma or retinoblastoma, are at or near the surface of the body, and thus are more accessible to observation and treatment. All cancer therapies try to target characteristics that are peculiar to cancer cells so as not to damage normal cells. This could be a mutated protein, a peculiar behaviour pattern, such as an increased rate of cell division, or an elevated demand for oxygen to support high metabolic activity by the cancer cells [2]. Discussion Analysis Over 8,767 Australians were expected to die of cancer in 2020 [3]. Over 12 million new cases worldwide were diagnosed in 2007. Sixty percent of cancer cases occur in developing countries. Cancer is on the rise in low- and middle-income countries, cancer is the number one cause of death in China. According to Phan et al., (2009), chemically attached nanocrystals to a viral envelope allowed the scientists to eradicate cancer cells using laser radiation [4]. Binding nanoparticles to an antibody specific for cancer cells can make easier the detection of advanced stage cancer cells. According to Colin, (2008), the ability to quantitatively and noninvasively detect targeted nanoparticles in vivo could provide a promising cancer diagnostic tool. Using nanoparticle to heat up tumors is a main focus in therapeutic oncology applications of nanoscale sciences and technologies [5]. Nanosized Cancer drug Nanocrystal helps in the advancement of creative chemotherapeutic medications particularly in the territory of harmful deteriorating treatment or solution for neurological issue or cancerous growth. It delivers nanosized medications that are just marginally bigger in size than proteins and are subsequently little to such a degree as to move crosswise over ion-control channels(e.g., the blood–brain barriers), scattered all through the entire body including entering the focal sensory system, the vasculature and enter cells specifically [6]. Nanosized pharmaceuticals, due to their greater surface territory and organic undertaking likewise allow lower centralizations of pharmaceuticals to be utilized; accordingly diminish the potential danger of unfavorable responses [7]. The propelled outside area of nanosized pharmaceuticals might likewise help to upgrade dissolvability and support rate of disintegration, in this manner increase oral bioavailability and allow all the more quick onset of remedial activity [8]. A showing of this future is the adaptation of naproxen that have been used to support the expand time in the blood of the patients to empower a great deal more quick issue and help than the acknowledged presentation of naproxen for their cancer treatment [9]. Nano consignment schemes for therapeutics and toxicology Numerous advances have been created to utilize nanoparticles as a part of the treatment regimen of biomedical imaging, toxicological analysis and pharmaceutical conveyance. Applications for these plans will supply materials for controlled medication committal by directing bearers to a particular area with attractive fields or fluorescence biological markers. The transporter will then be initiated on interest in a limited area. The anticipated and extended length of activity in this way help to abatement hindrance of basic redosing, advance patient consistence and keep away from the side effects that so regularly result from intense medications [10]. Use of Nanocrystal in Oncology The interstitial heating using nanoparticles was feasible in patients with cancer with local recurrence and had been previously irradiated. The treatment related toxicity was moderate and the quality of life affected only temporarily. The limiting factors of this technique at present are discomfort caused by high magnetic field strengths and suboptimal intratumoral distribution. Moreover, deposits in the prostates nanoparticles are very durable. At present there is no magnetic imaging and chemotherapy available or neither for direct injection of fluid under visual control real-time nor for a reliable picture of the tumor within the cancer cells. Therefore, the selective ablation of cancer separating normal tissue is not possible at this time, but may become an interesting future with improved diagnostic techniques image subject. Until our heating method is more refined and can be safely applied forces higher photo thermal therapy to achieve higher performance alone, this treatment modality is being evaluated in combination with radiation in patients with localized cancer. Quantum spots, one of the most well revised, are nanocrystals that fluoresce in distinct hues depending on their dimensions (e.g., Cadmium selenide) [11;12]. In the event that the target molecule is an early marker of cancerous detection, discovery of that molecule may show a higher inclination for illness. An illustration is to utilize nanoparticles to join to blood clumps and to help make clusters more clear by ultrasound [13]. Nanoshells, an alternate nanodelivery plan that is made out of copolymers, are used in mix with precise wavelengths of lights and hotness mastery for harmful ailment treatment. These nanodevices can be tuned precisely to drench up or scramble infrared beams. At the point when encased in with gold, they can adjust these types of light into high temperature and either issues the pharmaceutical into the encompassing tissue or specifically blazed/murder tumor units that is tie to these nanoshells [14]. Likewise, attractive fields could be used to center pharmaceutical particles at the tumor area and balancing the territories would discharge the pharmaceutical from the external layer to strike tumor units. Chemotherapeutic Drugs and Cancer Diagnosis Infusion of genetic characteristics into nanocapsules is being tried out. One of the quality being enquired is the tumor necrosis factor, a protein that is fatal to cancer cells as well as besides to wholesome units when infused in substantial measurements [15]. To sidestep impedance to ordinary tissue, the nanocapsule is covered with sensors that objective just on tumor cells. A persevering would then be uncovered to low-dose radiation or medications that launch the quality to make putrefaction part. Other nanodrug bearers, for example, quality firearm with gold particles, fullerenes (made completely out of carbon, as an empty circle (C60 Bucky balls or chamber (nanotubes) and dendrimers (round polymeric molecules) are likewise being inspected. An alternate mean of pharmaceutical conveyance is to settle pharmaceutical with nanoparticles, for instance albumin proteins. It uses the natural carrier albumin rather than synthetic solvents to consign paclitaxel and furthermore for protected management of high paclitaxel doses without premedication, producing in important antitumour undertaking in patients with metastatic breast cancerous disease. Nanodelivery schemes for gene therapy Nanomedical research could outcome in an array of new medical apparatuss. Interesting study projects include use of nano-electromechanical apparatus or nanowire field-effect transistor to detect insect baculovirus and lone influenza viruses respectively were undertook. It is wanted that development of these nanodevices can help doctor to find the difficulty areas in the body more precisely (Lam et al., 2004, p. 5). Other study works engage the use of biochips and microfluidic devices to computer display tissues for genetic dissimilarities and to design genetically target drugs. Cell/Tissue technology and the nanorobot Artificial nanoscale building blocks may one day be utilised to help repair, sustain, or replacement of the body’s tissue and body parts. Uvocalise nanotechnology, researcher may be adept to make better artificial veins, arteries and heart valves; evolve a scaffold for growing patches of heart tissue to repair impairment from heart attacks; and grow artificial lung tissue. The use of simple carbon single-wall nanotube sheets to develop artificial muscle is in the soonest stages [16]. One of the more significant matters is that the foreign components might be strike by the body’s immune units, therefore means of reducing the risk of immune answer continues the major dispute for nanotechnology research in the area of tissue technology. Some researchers are attempting to assemble convoluted nanorobots that can journey throughout the human body utilising molecular engines and computers, shop and transport substances, perform procedures and communicate with physicians. Respirocytes, a spherical carbon nanorobot, is an demonstration that mimic the activity of the natural hemoglobin-filled red blood cells and is being revised [17]. However, despite the stride at which study is progressing and the exhilaration generated by the outlook of nanorobots, it could be numerous years before nanorobots are checked in humans. Conclusion Cancer is a worldwide problem. Nanocrystal plays an increasing role in battling cancer worldwide and in achieving the goal of eliminating suffering and death from cancer by 2015. Moreover, the use of multifactorial Nanocrystal in detecting and diagnosing carcinomas and sarcomas at earlier stages can be beneficial but needs further studies and investigation before implementing it in clinical practice. The general is for government to assume a main part, at the same time with the educated community and business relationship, in adding to the empowering foundation for perceiving and considering nanomaterial potential dangers, including (1) ID of delegate or structure nanomaterial, in connection to the structure, measurements, property and undertaking; (2) creating poisonous quality testing convention, covering inward breath, dermal, ingestion, and infusion presentation courses, for ID of full gimmick of the nanomaterial in connection to material property, the proposed use by the conceiv ably inclined, helpless patient and a definitive clinical applications; (3) strengthening the building methodologies under Good developing perform (GMP) for nanomedicine in particularly in the zone of creation, pontoons, taking care of and stockpiling to twofold watch that relentlessness and nature of the last stock is supported; (4) recognizing and administering the introduction level in working environment, air/waterborne discharges, people and different life forms and ecological media; and (5) surveying the impact of nanocyrstal items on the indigenous habitat as a proactive danger administration. Early theoretical and experimental studies of the biocompatibility of nanomaterials and sophisticated nanodevices have begun. References 1. Heidel, J. D., Davis, M. E. (2011). Clinical developments in nanotechnology for cancer therapy.Pharmaceutical research,28(2), 187-199. 2. Misra, R., Acharya, S., Sahoo, S. K. (2010). Cancer nanotechnology: application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy.Drug Discovery Today,15(19), 842-850. 3. Staples, M. P., Elwood, M., Burton, R. C., Williams, J. L., Marks, R., Giles, G. G. (2006). Non-melanoma skin cancer in Australia: the 2002 national survey and trends since 1985.Med J Aust,184(1), 6-10. 4. Phan, J. H., Moffitt, R. A., Stokes, T. H., Liu, J., Young, A. N., Nie, S., Wang, M. D. (2009). Convergence of biomarkers, bioinformatics and nanotechnology for individualized cancer treatment.Trends in biotechnology,27(6), 350-358. 5. Colin D. Medley, Joshua E. Smith, Zhiwen Tang, Yanrong Wu, Suwussa Bamrungsap, and Weihong Tan* (2008), Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Assay for the Direct Detection of Cancerous Cells, Anal. Chem, 80, pp. 1067-1072 6. Chen et al., 2006 Z. Chen, H. Meng, G. Xing, C. Chen, Y. hao, G. Jia, T. Wang, H. Yuan, C. Ye, F. Zhao, Z. Chai, C. Zhu, X. Fang, B. Ma and L. Wan, Acute toxicological effects of copper nanoparticles in vivo, Toxicol. Lett. 163 (2006), pp. 109–120. 7. Bucolo et al., 2002 C. Bucolo, A. Maltese, G. Puglisi and R. Pignatello, Enhanced ocular anti-inflammatory activity of Ibuprofen carried by an Eudragit RS100 nanoparticle suspension, Ophthal. Res. 34 (2002), pp. 319–323. 8. Alexis, F., Rhee, J. W., Richie, J. P., Radovic-Moreno, A. F., Langer, R., Farokhzad, O. C. (2008). New frontiers in nanotechnology for cancer treatment. InUrologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations(Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 74-85). Elsevier. 9. Aliosmanoglu, A., Basaran, I. (2012). Nanotechnology in cancer treatment.J Nanomedicine Biotherapeutic Discov,2, 107. 10. Donaldson et al., 2004 K. Donaldson, V. Stone, C.L. Tran, W. Kreyling and P.J.A. Borm, Nanotoxicology, Occup. Environ. Med. 61 (2004), pp. 727–728. Full Text via CrossRef (144) 11. Ferrari, M. (2005). Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges.Nature Reviews Cancer,5(3), 161-171. 12. Barlow et al., 2005 P.G. Barlow, K. Donaldson, J. Maccallum, A. Clouter and V. Stone, Serum exposed to nanoparticle carbon black displays increased potential to induce macrophage migration, Toxicol. Lett. 155 (2005), pp. 397–401. 13. Gmeiner, W. H., Ghosh, S. (2014). Nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Nanotechnology Reviews,3(2), 111-122. 14. Bulte, J.W, (2009), Nanoparticles in Biomedical Imaging: Emerging Technologies and Applications. New York, Springer, pp. 2. 15. Wang, X., Yang, L., Chen, Z. G., Shin, D. M. (2008). Application of nanotechnology in cancer therapy and imaging.CA: a cancer journal for clinicians,58(2), 97-110. 16. Gmeiner, W. H., Ghosh, S. (2014). Nanotechnology for cancer treatment. Nanotechnology Reviews,3(2), 111-122. 17. Bucolo et al., 2002 C. Bucolo, A. Maltese, G. Puglisi and R. Pignatello, Enhanced ocular anti-inflammatory activity of Ibuprofen carried by an Eudragit RS100 nanoparticle suspension, Ophthal. Res. 34 (2002), pp. 319–323.

Solitude/Isolation in “The Minister’s Black Veil” and Hawthorne’s Life :: Ministers Black Veil Essays

Solitude/Isolation in â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil† and Hawthorne’s Life  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Nathaniel Hawthorne tale, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† we see and feel the solitude/isolation of the minister, Reverend Mr. Hooper. Is this solitude not a reflection of the very life of the author?    According to A.N. Kaul in his Introduction to   Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, the themes of isolation and alienation were ones which Hawthorne was â€Å"deeply preoccupied with† in his writings (2).    At the outset of the tale, â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil,† the sexton is tolling the church bell and simultaneously watching Mr. Hooper’s door, when suddenly he says, ``But what has good Parson Hooper got upon his face?'' The surprise which the sexton displayed is repeated in the astonishment of the onlookers: â€Å"With one accord they started, expressing more wonder. . .† The reason is this: â€Å"Swathed about his forehead, and hanging down over his face, so low as to be shaken by his breath† is a black veil. The 30 year old, unmarried parson receives a variety of reactions from his congregation:    ``I can't really feel as if good Mr. Hooper's face was behind that piece of crape'' ``He has changed himself into something awful, only by hiding his face''   ``Our parson has gone mad!'' Few could refrain from twisting their heads towards the door. . . . . . . more than one woman of delicate nerves was forced to leave the meeting-house.    Hawthorne, after exposing the surprised people to the sable veil, develops the protagonist through a description of some of his less exotic and curious characteristics:    Mr. Hooper had the reputation of a good preacher, but not an energetic one: he strove to win his people heavenward by mild, persuasive influences, rather than to drive them thither by the thunders of the Word. The sermon which he now delivered was marked by the same characteristics of style and manner as the general series of his pulpit oratory.    However, on this first day of wearing his black veil there is some peculiar difference in Hooper’s sermon:    But there was something, either in the sentiment of the discourse itself, or in the imagination of the auditors, which made it greatly the most powerful effort that they had ever heard from their pastor's lips. It was tinged, rather more darkly than usual, with the gentle gloom of Mr.

Physics of the Browning M2 .50 Cal :: physics machine gun

The Browning M2 .50 caliber machine gun is better known as the 'Ma Duce' to those who have had the pleasure of firing this heavy barrel machine gun. In 1919 John M. Browning developed the M2 .50 cal as an anti-aircraft weapon. The M2 was first introduced into the United States Military in 1933 and is used by many militaries through out the world today. Since 1933 there have been little changes made to this weapon system. The BMG (Browning Machine Gun) is a crew served, belt fed, air-cooled, recoil operated machine gun capable of firing in single shot or fully automatic. Today the M2 is used for more than just anti-aircraft. Since very little changes have been made to this remarkable weapon system, military researchers have been able to maximize the capabilities and uses on the battle field. This weapon is used both in the offense and defense and can be used effectively to engage light armored vehicles, low flying aircraft, boats, and personnel. The M2 can either be ground or vehicle mounted giving our military unlimited uses of this weapon. This weapon system has been mounted on numerous light armored vehicles, air craft, water craft, as well as tanks. The M2 .50 caliber machine gun is a crew served, belt fed, air-cooled, recoil operated machine gun capable of firing in single shot or fully automatic. weight of total gun with tripod 128lb weight of receiver 60lb weight of barrel 24lb weight of tripod 44lb length of gun 65in length of barrel 45in muzzle velocity 3050fps~888m/s bore diameter .50cal~12.7mm maximum effective range 2000m maximum range 6800m~4.2miles There are over 20 different types of ammunition that have been made for the M2, each with it's own individual characteristics, color coding and uses. The primary round discussed on this web page is the M2 .50 caliber ball cartridge. The M2 ball round is one of the few rounds that does not have any color coding. This round consists primarily of the casing, primer, powder, and projectile. The projectile is 58.7mm long, 12.7mm in diameter and has a weight of 42.9grams. The projectile is a soft lead core incased in a full metal jacket. Most ammunition for the M2 comes linked in 100 round belts as shown below. There are some basic methods of firing that must be defined before discussing defilade fire. The first of these is line of sight. Line of sight is defined as the path from the gunner's eye to the target.